READY MIX CONCRETE PLANT INSPECTION
GENERAL
Refer to IM 527 (General, Safety).
The following instruction is to be used when inspecting the operation of a ready mix concrete plant typically used for structural concrete, patching, and other concrete items. Refer to IM 527 for sampling and testing for paving.
EQUIPMENT
1. ELEVATED, LOW PROFILE, AND GROUND-LEVEL BINS
Refer to IM 527 (Equipment Bins) and the following:
Permanent ready mix concrete plants often have facilities for storing sizable quantities of a number of different aggregates. There is a tendency for the stockpiles to become too large for the available area and for the bins to be filled beyond their normal capacity. Aggregates thus tend to become intermingled. Aggregates may also become contaminated with foreign material from a number of sources, including the material, which underlies some stockpiles, if proper care is not taken. Materials, which have been intermingled or otherwise contaminated, must not be incorporated into the work.
2. PROPORTIONING EQUIPMENT
Requirements for scales or meters for proportioning aggregates, cement, fly ash, water or air entraining agents or other admixtures are found in Article 2001.20 of the Standard Specifications, as modified by Supplemental Specifications. These requirements are in addition to Section 1 above for elevated bins.
It is the duty of the District Materials Engineer to examine and evaluate all proportioning and plant equipment annually, and maintain a current list of approved ready mix concrete plants. The Calibration Report, Form #820917, with any appropriate restrictions, conditions, comments, etc., will be posted at the plant site. (See IM 527, Appendix C for a sample copy and Appendix D for calibration checklist.) Before concrete work begins on a project, the Project Engineer must communicate with the District Office and determine that the plant to be used has received annual approval.
The PCC Level II certified technician must be familiar with all features of the plant operation before work begins. While the inspector must not personally make any of the manipulations or adjustments, an understanding of the basic machinery operation and the ability to recognize the significance of a malfunction is important.
The proportioning equipment must be examined at regular intervals during a placement for correctness of the amount being delivered and for possible damage or malfunction. Special attention must be given to the empty balance and the position of the poise weights for beam and dial scales.
The normal plant operation causes vibration, which tends to change these adjustments. Accumulation of material clinging to the inside of the hoppers can also cause these adjustments to drift. Small amounts of material accumulation clinging to the inside of a hopper are not considered objectionable. If the amount exceeds one percent of the material batch, however, it must be removed and readjusted to indicate a zero load within 0.5% (Article 2001.20).
The scale sensitivity shall be checked at least at the beginning of a placement if operations are intermittent, and at the beginning of each day if the operations are continuous in the following manner:
Place a weight equal to 1/10 percent of the batch on the fully-loaded scales while observing the movement of the indicator.
A properly sensitive scale will exhibit a visible indicator movement when tested in this manner. If no indicator movement is visible and immediate corrective action by the owner does not yield successful results, the District Materials Engineer must be informed.
Periodic observation of the measuring operation must be made to determine that the proper amounts of materials are being delivered to the concrete batch. The plant inspector must be able to recognize when the hopper is overloaded or underloaded by one percent of the batch. For a dial scale, these limits are readily recognizable on the graduated dial chart. For scales with a balance indicator, the location of the indicator hand when a one percent over and underload is applied and removed can be noted before work begins.
If an examination reveals that the scales are not properly sensitized or the proper amounts of material are not being furnished to the concrete batch, refer to IM 527, General, for the necessary action.
Document all routine scale sensitivity, delivery tolerance checks and any necessary corrective action taken, in the plant inspection diary.
The following procedure is required for setting or adjusting the various items of proportioning equipment so that they will deliver the proper amount of material to the batch:
· The plant superintendent or other authorized operator representative must make all necessary scale and equipment setting and/or adjustments. The PCC Level II certified technician is specifically directed not to participate in this activity.
· Before the plant operation begins or resumes, the PCC Level II certified technician will independently determine for himself/herself that the settings and/or adjustments are correct and that the amounts of material being delivered to the batch are correct. Errors must be corrected immediately. Strict adherence to the above procedure is necessary to maintain a proper division of authority and responsibility between the contractor and the contracting authority, and to minimize the possibility of operating with erroneous proportions.
Suitable wind protection on all sides of the scales is required by the specification. This protection, if not provided by the plant design, can be fabricated from burlap, masonite, plywood or other suitable material and should provide adequate room for the scale operator to work unobstructed.
An air-entraining admixture is required for all structural concrete, except Class X, and can be proportioned either manually or automatically. Mechanical dispensers must have a transparent measuring chamber so that each batch can be observed as it is measured and dispensed. Mechanical dispensers must be cleaned daily to minimize the possibility of deposits accumulating and causing a malfunction.
The amount of air entraining admixture required is determined by the results of the pressure meter air tests run on the plastic concrete, as described in IM 318. The contractor must decide the quantity to be used and the adjustments necessary, if any, after the pressure meter testing has been completed. Provision shall be made for agitation of the air-entraining agent. (See Article 4103.01, A)
An admixture for set retardation may be required. The list of approved retarding admixtures, and recommended dosages, is found in IM 403. An admixture for water reduction may be used at the contractor's option in mixes so designated in IM 529. (See Article 2301.02, B.)
See IM 527 (Materials, Admixtures), regarding dosage, handling and storage of admixtures.
Most air entraining and retarding admixtures, when intermingled with each other tend to neutralize each other and negate the effects of each. Care must therefore, be taken to introduce each admixture into the mixer separately and allow the first to become intermingled into the batch before the second is introduced. A procedure, which has been used successfully, is to introduce the air-entraining agent first along with most of the mixing water and other ingredients, and after these have become intermingled then introduce the balance of the mixing water and the retardant admixture.
3. MIXING EQUIPMENT
Mixing equipment for structural projects will be one of the following types:
Truck-mounted transit mixers
Stationary central mixers with in-transit agitation
Stationary mixers located at the project site
Concrete-Mobiles
The truck-mounted transit mixers are the most popular with stationary, central mixers increasing in popularity. Stationary site mixers are seldom used.
Refer to IM 527 (Mixing Equipment) for inspection instructions relating to stationary central mixers and truck-mounted transit mixers, and IM 534 for Concrete-Mobiles.
Transit mixers must carry a current certification signed by a responsible company representative stating that the mixer condition has been examined during the previous 30 days, is free of hardened concrete, and is in proper working condition. Mixers not carrying the required certification must not be used.
MATERIAL
Refer to IM 527 (Material) for the necessary inspection instructions relating to material identification, handling and storage.
OTHER ADMIXTURES (See Article 2403.02, B, 4)
Certain structural placements with congested steel and narrow forms may require higher slump to place the concrete. The Engineer may approve the use of a high range water reducer with standard mixes in accordance with IM 529. If a highly flowable mix is needed for the placement, the Engineer may approve the use self-consolidating concrete (SCC) in accordance with IM 529 Appendix A.
Conditions on the project may require a retarding admixture due to long delivery times, etc.. With the Engineer’s approval, the mixed to placed time period may be extended an additional 30 minutes when using a retarding admixture at the prescribed rate in IM 403. If longer times are required, the dosage rate will be based on manufacturers recommendation with Engineers approval.
BATCHING
A PCC Level II certified technician may also act as a batch person for the following items only:
· Non-structural and miscellaneous items less than 50 cubic yards per week
· Night work patching
· Two truckloads of structural concrete or less produced per day.
A PCC Level II certified technician shall perform required plant inspection duties prior to start up and a minimum of once per lot. A PCC Level II certified technician responsible for quality control shall be available by cell phone.
SAMPLING & TESTING
Quality Control
1. AGGREGATES
Refer to IM 527 (Sampling & Testing) for related inspection instructions.
Personnel performing aggregate testing shall be Aggregate Level II certified. The PCC Level II certified technician may direct this person performing the testing. The minimum frequencies for testing aggregates for structural concrete are as follows:
Specific Gravity - One sample for both coarse and fine aggregate as described in the table, unless the first two tests indicate variations greater than 0.02 from the tabular value T203, Aggregate Source Information, or from one test to the next. If the above variations are greater than 0.02, inform the Project Engineer and the District Materials Engineer immediately. The District Materials Engineer may adjust the specific gravity used to determine batch weights.
Moisture - One sample for each aggregate as described in the table. If a system with instantaneous moisture content measurement equipment is used to automatically adjust individual batch weights, see section titled Sampling & Testing/Moisture in IM 527 for instructions on approval, use, and monitoring of the system. Frequency shall be increased if stockpile changes occur. When specific gravity is not tested, moisture content may be determined by the mass (weight) difference method (IM 308 Method B).
Gradation - One sample for each aggregate per lot.
For structural concrete, a quality control lot shall consist of one week. If 50 cubic yards or less are produced in one calendar week, testing may be grouped with previous or subsequent lot, or 1 per two weeks. A bridge deck is considered a lot.
For non-structural concrete items as described below, a quality control lot shall be one per month. Testing and sampling for non-structural concrete is based on that being the only concrete being produced. If structural or paving concrete is being produced, no additional gradation sampling and testing is required for non-structural concrete produced from the same plant, for structural and paving concrete is greater. If multiple projects are being supplied by the plant, one representative sample for the lot covers quality control sampling and testing for all of the projects.
Miscellaneous concrete and structural or non-structural concrete bid items supplied at 10 cubic yards or less for a project will be accepted without gradation testing. A gradation test for flowable mortar, revetment grout, or fabric formed revetment grout is required for the mix design only. The PCC Level II certified technician shall provide, for these bid items, materials certifications, batch tickets, and plant reports with the following statement on the PCC Plant report (Form 800240):
“The PCC mix contains certified materials, approved aggregates, and was produced in compliance with applicable specifications.”
For projects requiring certified plant inspection, the certified inspector will obtain and test one gradation sample per lot, unless operations are prematurely shut down.
Quality Control Sampling, Testing, and Reporting
|
PRODUCTION
|
Specific Gravity |
Moisture |
Gradation |
Report |
|
Structural
|
1/ first week, monthly thereafter or 1/ two weeks thereafter for DWU sources |
2/week or 1/deck |
1/deck, or 1/week If <50 yd3 produced in week 1/two weeks
|
1/lot or 1/deck |
|
Non-Structural
|
1/month |
1/two weeks |
1/month |
1/month |
|
Miscellaneous
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
1/project |
Verification
The engineer will perform verification sampling and testing at the minimum frequency described in the table for each aggregate. IM 205 describes the agency responsibility to randomly select sample location and time, and witness sampling with the contractor providing assistance in obtaining the samples. For production of less than 50 cubic yards of structural concrete per week, verification sampling will be grouped with the previous or subsequent week, or 1 per two weeks. The engineer will split samples obtained with the plant inspector, or observe splitting by the plant inspector, and immediately take possession of the agency sample. Report test results to producer in a timely manner.
Testing and sampling for non-structural concrete is based on that being the only concrete being produced. If structural or paving concrete is being produced, no additional gradation sampling and testing is required for non-structural concrete produced from the same plant, since the sampling and testing frequency for structural and paving concrete is greater. If multiple projects are being supplied by the plant, one representative gradation sample for the lot covers sampling and testing for all of the projects.
Verification Sampling and Testing
|
PRODUCTION
|
Gradation Sampling |
Gradation Testing |
|
Structural Concrete
|
1/deck, or 1/week If <50 yd3 produced in a week 1/two weeks |
First week, then 20% of samples obtained or 1/deck |
|
Non-Structural
|
1/project |
1/project |
|
Miscellaneous
|
N/A |
N/A |
Non-structural and Miscellaneous Concrete
The following Items of work are designated as non-structural and miscellaneous concrete. Other items may be designated by the Engineer as non-structural or miscellaneous concrete, for gradation sampling and testing, provided they are not structurally critical items that could directly affect the safety of the travelling public.
Non-structural Concrete
|
Article |
Work Type |
|
PCC Base |
|
|
Base Repair |
|
|
Base Widening |
|
|
Seal course |
|
|
Curtain wall |
|
|
Sidewalks |
|
|
Trails |
|
|
Curb & Gutter |
|
|
Driveways |
|
|
Railroad Approach Sections |
|
|
Patching (Full Depth), Rumble Strips |
|
|
Patching (Partial Depth) |
Miscellaneous Concrete
|
Article |
Work Type |
|
Detour Pavement |
|
|
Pipe collars |
|
|
Catch basins, abandonment, collars |
|
|
Flowable Mortar |
|
|
Revetment Grout or Fabric Formed Revetment Grout |
|
|
Fence construction |
|
|
Type A and B signs |
|
|
Thrust Blocks |
Test air and slump at the minimum rate for structural concrete or at least once daily for concrete exposed to freezing and thawing.
Non Complying Gradation
When a quality control gradation test does not comply with the gradation requirements of Article 4109, the certified plant inspector shall contact the Engineer. After corrections have been made, the Engineer will obtain and test another verification sample.
When a verification gradation test does not comply with the gradation requirements of Article 4109, the Engineer will contact the contractor, producer and the District Materials Engineer. The District Materials Engineer may investigate sampling and testing procedures, stockpiling, source material, etc. After corrections have been made, the Engineer will obtain and test another verification sample.
Acceptance of lots will be based on complying verification test results. The engineer will retain all samples representing the lots until the lots have been accepted. Since the contracting authority tests are verification, correlation with IM 216 is not required, but may be performed as a check of sampling and testing procedures.
2. WATER/CEMENT RATIO
Whenever the water demand, to achieve the desired workability, exceeds the design water/cement ratio and approaches the maximum water allowed the Project Engineer and the District Materials Engineer Office should be notified. At the same time, aggregate moisture contents, batch amounts, cement scales, water meter, etc., should all be immediately checked. In no circumstance should the maximum water/cement ratio be knowingly exceeded.
If, after the District Materials Engineer investigation and evaluation, additional workability above that which is attainable within the maximum permissible water content is desired, the cement content may be increased in accordance with Article 2403.02, B. This should be done only with the approval of the District Materials Engineer or the engineer representative. The District Materials Engineer will provide the revised and adjusted mix proportions for these situations.
Also, in accordance with Article 2403.02, B, the engineer may authorize the use of a water-reducing admixture to improve workability. When authorized, only the water-reducing admixtures and dosage rates, as shown in IM 403 should be used.
When calcium chloride solution is added for patching M mix, water included in the calcium chloride solution should not be included in calculation of water-to-cement ratio.
3. STRENGTH TESTS
The test for Modulus of Rupture is the only strength test determined in the field. Test specimens are required for each day’s placement of a structural unit in flexure.
Meet the requirements of 2403 for flexural beam strength. Contract requirements may also require cylinders for compressive strength.
Test the flexural specimens as prescribed in IM 316, Flexural Strength of Concrete. Testing will be done by contract authority personnel. IM 204 lists minimum testing requirements.
PROPORTIONS
Refer to IM 527 (Proportions)
REPORTS & REPORTING
1. PCC PLANT PAGE – FORM #240
The same form is to be used for PCC Paving and PCC Structures. Refer to IM 527 for instructions on completing the form and an example form.
Structural Reports are to be recorded in the computer program provided by the Iowa Department of Transportation. A separate, consecutively numbered, report is to be made for each project as required in the Quality Control Sampling, Testing, and Reporting table. A copy of the completed PCC Plant Page shall be faxed or delivered to the District Materials Engineer and Project Engineer within four hours on the next working day after the end of the lot. Use electronic mail as the method of delivery unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. When supplying multiple projects, one quality control gradation may be reported on all test reports.
The PCC Level II certified technician shall keep a copy of the PCC Plant Page and send the original to the Project Engineer. At the end of the project, make a copy of the plant book for the Engineer, within ten days.
Report non-structural and miscellaneous concrete as required in the Quality Control Sampling, Testing, and Reporting table.
2. READY MIXED CONCRETE, TRUCK TICKET FORM – FORM #830212
Each truckload of concrete must be identified by Form #830212 or an acceptable computer-generated plant ticket. If available, computer generated batch tickets shall be used. Computer generated batch tickets shall include wet and dry batch weights and information on Form #830212. Any information unable to be printed by the computer will be written on the computer generated batch ticket. See IM 527. The Engineer and District Materials Engineer will approve any variations to accepting the truck ticket form or computer generated form.
A PCC Level II certified batch person can fill out and sign the truck ticket forms so the plant inspector can perform their required duties. The District Materials Engineer may approve other personnel to fill out batch tickets. The PCC Level II inspector remains responsible for the batch tickets.