Section 2316. Pavement Smoothness
A. Apply this specification when Section
2317 does not apply.
B. Test and evaluate pavement
smoothness. Perform surface correction if required.
2316.02 testing and evaluation.
1. Evaluate pavement smoothness for all main
line pavement surfaces, except when specifically excluded or modified by the
contract documents. Main
line pavement is defined as all permanent pavement for traffic lanes, including:
·
Tapers to
parallel lanes or through lanes at intersections,
·
Tapers to
climbing lanes, and
·
Tapers to
ramps and loops.
2. Evaluate pavement smoothness for
all interchange ramps and loops.
3. For non-Primary projects, do not
evaluate pavement smoothness unless specified in the contract documents.
4. If this specification is
required by contract documents on non-Primary projects let by the Department,
it will be added in its entirety. Selected portions of the specification will
not be deleted.
5. Bridge approach sections which
are a part of the paving contract will be tested according to Section 2428.
6. Smoothness Requirements:
a. Apply Table 2316.02-1 to all
projects when specified. Smoothness requirements in inches per mile are listed
in Schedules A and B.
b. For through traffic lanes wider
than 8.5 feet which require matching the surface of the new pavement to the
surface of an existing old pavement, the price reduction tables for Schedule A and B will be replaced
by Schedule C. When the Profile Index is greater than 7.0 inches for schedule
A segments or 22.0 inches per mile for Schedule B segments, calculate an Average Base Index (ABI) for each segment as shown in
Table 2316.02-1.
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7. Exclusions.
Roundabouts will be excluded from smoothness testing. The surface of a
roundabout shall not deviate from a straight line by more than 1/8 inch in 10
feet when measured longitudinally with a 10 foot straightedge. Paved shoulders will be excluded from smoothness testing
unless used as a temporary driving surface. When used as a temporary driving
surface, evaluate paved shoulders for bumps and dips only. Evaluate and correct
as provided in Article 2316.03, C.
1. General.
a. Provide and operate an Ames or
California type profilograph or an inertial profiler to produce a profilogram
(profile trace) of the surface tested, according to Materials I.M. 341.
b. When a pavement for which
smoothness is to be tested is adjacent to an existing old pavement, smoothness
must also be tested on the old pavement 3 feet from the adjacent edge for ABI
calculation. Should the surface of the old pavement be specified for
correction, perform smoothness testing for ABI calculation after correction.
c. Remove all objects and foreign
material on the pavement surface, including protective covers if used, prior to
testing. If appropriate, properly replace protective covers after testing.
d. Produce a profilogram for each
segment of 50 feet or more. Include the 16 feet beyond the ends of the section
in the profilogram.
2. Pavements.
a. The pavement surface will be
divided into sections that represent continuous placement.
b. A section will terminate at a
day's work joint (header), a bridge, similar interruption, or when continuous
placement crosses to a section with a different smoothness designation.
c. Sections longer than 778 feet or 0.147 miles placed without
interruption will be separated into segments of 0.1 mile. The terminating
segment may be shorter than 0.1 mile and greater than 250 feet and still be
considered a segment. A segment is to be in only one traffic lane. Each traffic
lane will be tested and evaluated separately. Gaps for temporary crossings or
similar construction sequencing which are placed in otherwise continuous sections
will be tested, when placed, and included in the adjacent section evaluation. Determine pavement profiles for each
lane according to procedures for one lane, as shown in Materials I.M. 341
except for main line traffic lanes which will be tested in the wheel paths.
Round trace scallops to nearest 0.01 inch. Wheel paths are defined as 3 feet
and 9 feet from center line or lane line. Average the two wheel path profile
indexes for each segment. For projects with less than 0.5 miles of mainline
paving, Contractor may elect to determine pavement profile in the quarter point unless another location is specified in the contract
documents.
Perform
testing and provide the Engineer with the profilogram results. Ensure testing
and evaluation are done by a trained and certified person. Ensure the
evaluation is certified according to Materials I.M. 341.
1. Test each segment within 48
hours following placement. Provide the Engineer the index for each segment of
paving by the end of the next day worked following the placement until there
has been 3 consecutive days of paving where the index for all segments would
result in 100% payment or better.
2. Should any following day be evaluated
to receive less than 100% payment, immediately notify the Engineer, and take
corrective action to modify paving methods and equipment to achieve 100%
payment or better.
3. Submit all final profilograph
test reports and profile traces to the Engineer within 14 calendar days
following completion of paving on the project. Selected reports and traces may
be requested by the Engineer in advance of paving completion for purposes of
validating the Contractor’s test results. Incentive payments for qualifying
segments will be made following receipt of appropriate documentation of
certified smoothness results.
4. The Engineer will perform
verification testing to validate the contractor’s certified quality control
testing. If the Engineer’s verification test results validate the Contractor’s
test results, the Contractor's results will be used for acceptance. Disputes
between the Contractor's and Engineer's test results will be resolved according
to Materials I.M. 341. The Engineer may test the entire project length if it is
determined that the Contractor certified test results are inaccurate, and the
Contractor will be charged for this work at a rate of $400.00 per mile, per profile
track, with a minimum charge of $800.00. Furnishing inaccurate tests may result
in decertification of the Contractor's certified operator.
1. Calculate a profile index for
each segment from the profilogram, according to Materials I.M. 341, except for:
a. Side road connections less than
600 feet in length.
b. Single lift pavement overlays 2
inches or less in thickness unless the existing surface has been corrected by
milling or scarification.
c. Storage lanes and turn lanes.
d. Pavement less than 8.5 feet in
width.
e. The 16 feet at the ends of the
section when the Contractor is not responsible for the adjoining surface.
f. Runout tapers on HMA overlays at
existing pavement, bridges, or bridge approach sections when the thickness is
less than the design thickness.
g. Detour Pavement.
h. Crossovers.
i. Sections less than 50 feet long.
j. Roundabouts.
Evaluate pavement segments excluded from profile index
calculation for bumps and dips. Evaluate and correct per Article 2316.03, C.
2. If there is a segment 250 feet
or 0.047 mile long or less at the end of a section, include the profilograph measurements
for that segment in the evaluation of the adjacent segment in that section.
3. Identify bumps and dips
separately on all profilograms. These appear as high or low points on the
profilogram and correspond to high points (bumps) or low points (dips) on the
pavement surface. They are identified by locating vertical deviations exceeding
0.5 inches for a 25 foot span for both bumps and dips as indicated on the
profilogram.
1.
Surface
correction for pavement smoothness may be required, which includes bumps or
dips. Complete the correction before the determination of pavement thickness.
2. Perform bump, dip, and
smoothness correction work for the full lane width of the paved surface.
3. Obtain the Engineer’s approval
for all correction work. After all required correction work is completed, determine
the final profile index.
1. Portland
Cement Concrete Pavement.
a. Accomplish PCC pavement surface
correction by grinding the pavement with a diamond grinder, by PCC resurfacing,
or by replacement.
b. Use grinding and texturing equipment that meets the
requirements of Section 2532. Use a cutting head that is a minimum of 36 inches
wide, unless a 24 inch cutting head is necessary due to space limitations.
c. Perform surface correction
parallel to lane lines or edge lines as directed by the Engineer. Make each
pass parallel to the previous passes. Ensure the ground surface is of a uniform
texture.
d. Do not allow adjacent passes to
overlap more than 1 inch or have a vertical difference of more than 1/8 inch as
measured from bottom of groove to bottom of groove.
e. Begin and end smoothness
correction at lines normal to the pavement lane lines or edge lines within any
one corrected area. Proceed from the center line or lane line toward the
pavement edge to maintain pavement cross slope.
2. Hot
Mix Asphalt Pavements.
a. Accomplish asphalt pavement surface
correction by:
·
Diamond
grinding,
·
Overlaying
the area,
·
Replacing
the area, or
·
Inlaying
the area.
b. For diamond grinding, perform the
same work and use the same equipment specified for PCC pavement. Cover the
surface that has been ground with a seal coat according to Section 2307 with
the following modifications:
·
The binder
bitumen may be the same material used for tack coat, applied at a rate of 0.10
gallon per square yard. Hand methods may be used for spraying.
·
Apply a
cover aggregate consisting of sand at a rate of 10 pounds per square yard. Hand
methods may be used for spreading. Apply the sand slightly damp, but with no
free moisture, as determined by visual inspection. Embed with at least one
complete pneumatic roller coverage.
·
This seal
coat is intended to be placed immediately after the diamond grinding is
completed in the travel lane. Complete this work when the road surface
temperature is above 60ºF.
·
Labor,
equipment, and materials used for this seal coat will not be paid for
separately, but are incidental to the items for which correction is required.
c. If the surface is corrected by
overlay, replacement, or inlay, begin and end the surface correction with a
transverse saw cut normal to the pavement lane lines or edge lines within any
one area. Ensure the profile of the surface is smooth with no bumps or dips at
the beginning or end of correction. Overlay correction must be for the entire
pavement width. Maintain pavement cross slope through the corrected areas.
Evaluate
bumps and dips, including those at headers, on all pavements for which pavement
smoothness is designated.
1. Bumps.
a. For all pavements evaluated, if
the Engineer does not assess a price adjustment, correct all bumps exceeding
0.5 inch within a 25 foot span, as indicated on the profilogram, except as
stated in Article 2316.03, C, 3.
b. Corrected bumps will be
considered satisfactory when measurement by the profilograph shows that the
bumps are 0.3 inch or less in a 25 foot span.
c. When a through traffic lane over
8.5 feet wide is constructed adjacent to an existing old pavement, bump
correction or price adjustment to the Contractor for a bump will not apply if a
bump exists at that location in the adjacent existing old pavement.
2. Dips.
a. On all pavements, if the Engineer
does not asses a price adjustment, correct dips of 0.5 inch to 1.0 inch in a 25
foot span, as indicated on the profilogram, except as stated in Article
2316.03, C, 3. Replace the pavement in areas with dips over 1.0 inch. Corrected
dips will be considered satisfactory when the profilogram shows the dips are less
than 0.3 inch in a 25 foot span.
b. When a lane over 8.5 feet wide is
constructed adjacent to an existing old pavement, correction of a dip or price
adjustment to the Contractor for a dip will not be required if a dip exists at
that location in the adjacent existing old pavement.
3. Exceptions.
When
the Contractor is not responsible for the adjoining surface, bumps and dips in
the 16 feet at the end of a section will be reviewed by the Engineer. Correct
all bumps and dips determined to be under the control of the Contractor and
resulting from the Contractor’s operations. Correction of bumps and dips
determined to be beyond the control of the Contractor will be paid according to
Article 1109.03, B.
Pavement
smoothness will be compensated by adding to (incentive) or subtracting from
(price reduction) the price bid for pavement a determined amount for each
segment. These amounts are identified in the appropriate schedule of Article
2316.05.
A. Pavement Where Schedule A Smoothness is Required.
1. For the appropriate categories
of highway, as shown in Schedule A, incentives for pavement smoothness will be
paid for each segment of pavement with an initial index per mile per segment of
3.0 inches or less.
2. For segments with an initial
index of 7.1 to 10.0 inches per mile, the Contractor will be assessed a price
reduction.
3. For segments with an index of
10.1 inches per mile and greater, grind the surface to a final index of 7.0
inches per mile or less.
B. Pavement Where Schedule B Smoothness is
Required.
1. For all highways, incentives for
pavement smoothness will be paid for each segment of pavement with an initial
index of 12 inches per mile per segment or less.
2. For all segments with an initial
index of 22.1 to 30.0 inches per mile, the Contractor will be assessed a price
reduction.
3. For segments with an index of
30.1 inches per mile and greater, grind the surface to a final index of 22.0 inches
per mile or less.
C. Pavement Adjacent to Existing Pavement.
1. Smoothness will be evaluated by
the ABI as defined in Article 2316.02, A, 6 or 7, for each segment of new
pavement 8.5 feet wide or more, and over 600 feet in length, which is to be matched
to the surface of an existing pavement.
2. Surface correction is required
for smoothness exceeding ABI + 12 when Schedule A is required and exceeding ABI
+ 30 when Schedule B is required. Payment will be based on results after
correction according to Schedule C.
3. Longitudinally check areas not
included in the profilograph test with a 10 foot straight edge. Ensure the
surface does not deviate from a straight line by more than 1/8 inch in 10 feet.
Meet requirements of Article 2316.03 for all corrections needed.
Smoothness
of bridge approach sections will not be used in the calculations for incentive
or price reduction of pavement segments, sections, or the project.
A. For each traffic lane of main
line pavement and each traffic lane of interchange ramps and loops evaluated
for smoothness, as defined in Article 2316.02, A, the Engineer will determine
the length of each segment in miles.
B. For roadways, the Contractor may
receive an incentive payment or be assessed a price reduction based on the
number of qualifying segments and the initial profile index.
C. Pavement segments excluding
repair work that are subject to profilograph testing, as defined in Article
2316.02, D, will be considered for additional payment as a smoothness incentive
or price reduction. For a segment to be qualified for incentive, there must be
no grinding within that segment.
D. Surface correction (grinding) of
bridge approach sections, and as stated in Article 2316.03, C, 3, will not
count as surface correction on adjacent pavement segments and will not detract
from possible incentive payments on those segments.
E. Single lift pavement resurfacing
2 inches thick or more that has milling or scarification of the original
pavement will be rated using the multi-lift schedules.
F. A $1600 price adjustment will be
assessed for each dip not corrected in each pavement lane under Schedule A and
B, except as stated in Article 2316.03, C, 3. In addition, a $1600 price adjustment
will be assessed for each bump not corrected under Schedule A and B, except as
stated in Article 2316.03, C, 3. Bumps and dips not corrected will also be
included in the evaluation for the segment smoothness.
G. The cost of certified smoothness
and associated traffic control is incidental to the cost of the pavement.
H. These payments or assessments
will be based on the following schedules:
1. Schedule A Smoothness Requirements.
Pavement segments which are
designated for Schedule A smoothness will be evaluated for incentive or price
reduction assessments as follows:
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2. Schedule
B Smoothness Requirements.
a. Pavement segments designated for
Schedule B smoothness and indexed in segments greater than 50 feet will be
evaluated for incentive or price reduction as shown in Tables 2316.05-3 and
2316.05-4.
b. No price reduction assessment
will be made for individual segments shorter than 50 feet properly corrected if
required.
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3. Schedule
C Smoothness Requirements (Pavement Adjacent to Existing Pavement).
For
new pavement which has been matched to an existing old pavement for which an
Average Base Index (ABI) was calculated, the pavement will be evaluated for a
price reduction for each segment based on Schedule A or Schedule B payment.
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4. Bridge
Approach Sections.
Correct bridge approach sections for smoothness as
specified in Section 2428.