For all pavement markings, the pavement surface shall be dry and free from dirt, dust, oil, curing compound, and other contaminates which may interfere with the marking properly bonding to the surface. The clean surface shall be at least 1 inch (25 mm) wider than the anticipated marking. An air blast shall occur immediately prior to the new marking being placed; the air blast is not intended to remove large amounts of dust, but only a very small amount of residue that might be left from the removal and cleaning operation.

All painted and taped pavement markings shall have uniform thickness, and the distribution of glass beads shall be uniform throughout the line width. The width of lines shall be as specified with tolerance of ± 1/4 inch for 4 inch (± 6 mm for 100 mm) lines and ± 1/2 inch (13 mm) for wider lines. Markings shall have sharp edges and cutoffs at the ends.

For tape products, the manufacturer's recommendations shall be followed for surface dryness, primers, adhesives, and other surface preparation requirements. Unless otherwise specified by the tape manufacturer the following test shall be met for determining surface dryness before applying the tape.

1. In an area of direct sunlight where the tape will be applied, place an 18 inch x 18 inch (450 mm x 450 mm) piece of polyethylene (a green or black garbage bag may be used). There should not be any holes or tears in the polyethylene.

2. Tape down all the edges of the polyethylene sheet to seal all the edges and not allow any air movement to get under the polyethylene.

3. Firmly tamp the tape using the tamper cart or by foot tamping.

4. Allow 20-25 minutes for the polyethylene to be exposed to the direct sunlight.

5. Remove the polyethylene from the road surface. If no moisture is present on the under side of the polyethylene or on the road surface, the tape can be applied.

6. If any moisture is present, allow another hour to pass and repeat the test until no moisture is found.

A. Traffic Control.
Traffic control for the removal and placement of painted and taped pavement markings shall be in accordance with Section 2528 with the following additional requirements:

1. Traffic control devices shall remain in place on the roadway from the time removal operations have started through the completed curing time of the newly applied pavement markings.

2. The Contractor shall not close any longer length of lane than can be adequately removed and replace in a single working day.

3. For painted pavement markings, traffic control devices shall not be removed until the newly applied pavement markings are track free.

B. Removal of Pavement Markings.
Existing pavement markings in the newly marked traffic lanes that are confusing, conflicting, or misleading to traffic shall be removed promptly on the same day the new lines are placed. The Engineer may designate other pavement markings for removal to maximize the effectiveness of the traffic control plan.

All new pavement markings, which are applied according to this specification and would change the color or placement of existing standard pavement markings shall be removed by the Contractor on completion of the project. Removal may also be required during progress of the work if lines, no longer needed, cause confusion in delineation of traffic.

Existing painted pavement markings shall be removed so that 90% or more of the pavement is visible. Tightly adhering markings may remain in the bottom of the tining and other depressions on the pavement surface but shall not be visible to the motorist during daytime or night time. Tape markings shall be removed in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. Removal processes shall not cause functional damage to the transverse or longitudinal joint sealant materials.

Pavement marking removal operations shall be conducted in a manner so that the finished pavement surface is not damaged or left in a pattern that may mislead or misdirect the motorist. When the operations are completed, the pavement surface shall be power broomed and any marking removal debris shall be removed from the pavement surface before the pavement is open to public traffic. The limits of pavement marking removal shall be not less than the width of the existing or new pavement markings plus 1 inch (25 mm). When symbols or legends are removed, the area of removal shall cover the entire area of the existing symbol or legend.

Removal will not be required prior to being covered by a construction process unless specified in the contract documents. Removal of pavement markings may be by vacuum blasting, vacuum dry grinding, wet grinding, shot blasting, or high pressure water blasting. Open abrasive blasting or dry grinding without containment will not be allowed. In lieu of physical removal, existing pavement markings may be covered by removable, nonreflective, preformed tape. Removable, preformed, nonreflective tape shall be prequalified in accordance with Materials I.M. 483.06 and meet the requirements of Article 2527.02, G, and Article 4183.06, D.

Pavement marking removal equipment shall provide the following:

1. Operate without the release of dust.

2. Recover all removed material.

3. Include a waste collection and transfer system. For dry wastes, the system shall incorporate High Efficiency Particulate Absolute (HEPA) methods and equipment.

Removal operations may be halted if the process and final result is not acceptable to the Engineer.

Material collected shall be removed and disposed of in accordance with all applicable Federal and State regulations.

Temporary delineators, posts, and raised pavement markers shall be removed when their need no longer exists or when directed by the Engineer.

C. Pavement Marking Requirements.
The following requirements for permanent and temporary standard pavement markings for placement of the marking material shall apply:

1. Edge Lines.
Edge lines shall normally be placed approximately 3 inches (75 mm) from the edge of the pavement and shall be solid white lines, except the inside edge line for a multi-lane, divided highway (including ramps and crossovers) shall be a solid yellow line.

2. Center Lines for Two Lane, Two Way Highways.
Center lines for two lane, two way highways shall be single, dashed yellow lines 10 feet (3 m) long with 30 foot (9 m) gaps between dashes.

3. Center Lines for Multi-lane, Undivided Highways.
Center lines for multi-lane, undivided highways shall be two, solid yellow lines spaced approximately 10 1/2 inches (270 mm) apart between the inside edges of the lines.

4. Lane Lines for Multi-lane Highways.
Lane lines for multi-lane highways divided and undivided, shall be single, dashed white lines 10 feet (3 m) long with 30 foot (9 m) gaps between dashes.

5. No Passing Zone Lines.
No passing zone lines shall be solid yellow lines. For PCC surfaces, they shall be placed 3 inches (75 mm) outside a 4 1/2 inch (115 mm) center line or 3 1/4 inches (85 mm) outside a 4 inch (100 m) center line. For asphalt surfaces, they shall be 10 1/2 inches (270 mm) from the adjacent center line or no passing zone line. Where there are two no passing zone lines, the center line is to be omitted, and the no passing zone lines shall be about 10 1/2 inches (270 mm) apart between the inside edges of the lines.

It is intended that only the two outside paint nozzles be used for painting center lines and no passing zone lines on asphalt surfaces. Painting equipment should be equipped to change from solid line to a dashed line on the two outside paint nozzles.

6. Dotted Lines.
Dotted lines are usually single, white dotted lines 2 feet (0.6 m) long with 4 foot (1.2 m) gaps between dots.

7. Transverse Marking.
Transverse marking will be shown in the contract documents.

8. Symbols and Legends.
Symbols and legends will be shown in the contract documents. Each of the following is a complete unit: each RxR marking for railroad and highway grade crossing; each SCHOOL legend (one lane or two lane); each STOP, X-ING, ONLY, BUS, LANE: each arrow (straight, left, right, combination, or ramp).

9. Solid White Barrier Lines.
Solid white barrier lines may also be required in the contract documents.

D. Limitations.
When pavement markings are required, the application shall be coordinated with other construction work and associated traffic control changes.

Removable tape shall be used for temporary pavement markings which extend diagonally across a final traffic lane.

When the installation of preformed polymer pavement marking material or profiled pavement marking tape is in conjunction with placement of HMA, the tape shall be inlaid by positioning on the HMA prior to the final rolling. The installation of the tape shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. If grooving is specified tape shall not be inlaid into hot HMA.

When pavement markings are placed on newly completed PCC pavements, the existing curing compound film shall be removed from horizontal surfaces in these locations. Curing compound film need not be removed from curbs or other vertical surfaces. Curing compound removal shall not damage the underlying PCC pavement.

Pavement markings shall be completed before the lane, road, on-site detour, or diversion is open to traffic.

If, due to unavoidable circumstances, the Contractor is not able to complete the pavement marking placement or removal specified for that day, the Contractor shall provide traffic control until the pavement marking placement or removal work is completed.

E. Permanent Pavement Marking.
When permanent marking is required, the Contractor shall place center lines, lane lines, no passing zone lines, edge lines, barrier lines, transverse lines, symbols, legend, and other marking required by the contract documents or by the Engineer. Permanent marking will normally be required, in accordance with this specification, for all projects on which public traffic is allowed during construction. All lines shall be accurately placed to a close tolerance using a guide extending at least 3 feet (1 m) ahead of the machine. The location of edge lines may be referenced to the pavement edge. The locations of other longitudinal lines may be referenced to accurately located longitudinal joints. Where such references do not exist or are not reliable, the lines shall be located as follows:

1. For straight or nearly straight lines, the locations shall be referenced to a stringline set between marking line points.

2. For curves, the locations shall be referenced to closely spaced marking line points; for sharp curves, a spacing of 10 feet (3 m) may be required.

3. Other equally effective systems approved by the Engineer.

F. Temporary Pavement Marking.
The location of temporary pavement marking will be shown in the contract documents or as directed by the Engineer.

Temporary pavement marking shall include the following:

1. Diversions.
For diversions on divided highways, the roadways shall be temporarily marked as follows:

a. The traffic lane or roadway for traffic that is not diverted shall be marked with a continuous yellow inside edge line in the approach taper, continuing as a no passing zone line through the diversion along the existing lane line.

b. For traffic that is to be diverted, a continuous, yellow line shall be constructed as a left edge line through both crossovers, continuing as a no passing zone line through the diversion.

c. A white edge line shall be constructed on the right pavement edge, for traffic that is to be diverted, through the diversion and both crossovers.

2. On Site Detours.
On site detours for two way traffic shall be marked with two continuous no passing zone lines near the center of the roadway and two continuous white edge lines, one at each pavement edge. On site detours for one lane traffic shall have two continuous white edge lines, one at each pavement edge.

3. Marking Changes Resulting from Stage Construction.
On all sections of Primary Road open to traffic during construction activities, the Contractor shall place center lines, lane lines, no passing zone lines, and edge lines necessary for the construction stage, as shown in the contract documents or as directed by the Engineer.

4. Temporary Delineators.
Temporary delineators, when required, shall be erected as shown in the contract documents. If not shown, they shall be spaced at intervals described in Section 3D-5 of the MUTCD. Temporary delineators will usually be single, white reflectors which are to be placed 2 feet (0.6 m) beyond the outside edge of the shoulder and 4 feet (1.2 m) above the edge of the pavement on delineator posts.

5. Raised Pavement Markers.
Raised pavement markers shall be placed parallel to the line being marked at that location. Placement shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations subject to approval by the Engineer. For pavement crossovers, raised pavement markers, spaced at 10 feet (3 m) on center, shall be used to supplement the white and yellow edge lines from the beginning of the lane reduction taper through the reverse curves of the crossover.

G. Markings Obliterated During Construction.
On sections of pavement open to traffic, the Contractor shall place pavement markings where operations have obliterated existing markings.

Pavement markings shall be replaced before the lane or road is opened to traffic in the following situations:

1. Multi-Lane Roads:

a. Divided.

1) Lane lines obliterated for 50 feet (15 m) or more.
2) Edge lines obliterated for 50 feet (15 m) or more.

b. Undivided (four or more lanes) or road with continuous two-way left-turn lane (TWLTL).

1) Lane lines obliterated for 50 feet (15 m) or more.
2) Edge lines obliterated for 50 feet (15 m) or more.
3) Center lines obliterated for 50 feet (15 m) or more.

2. Two Lane Roads:

a. Paved Shoulder More Than 2 Feet (0.6 m).

1) Center lines obliterated for 50 feet ((15 m) or more.
2) Edge lines obliterated for 50 feet (15 m) or more.
3) No Passing Zone lines obliterated.

b. Paved Shoulder 2 Feet (0.6 m) or Less.

1) Center lines obliterated for 50 feet (15 m) or more.
2) Edge lines obliterated on curves with a radius of 1,000 feet (300 m) or less.
3) Edge lines obliterated at bridge approaches, or other obstructions within 3 feet (1 m) of the roadway, for 300 feet (90 m) or more.
4) No Passing Zone lines obliterated.

Edge lines not required to be placed before the lane or road is opened to traffic shall be placed within 3 working days from the day the pavement and shoulder work are completed for the project.

Remaining pavement markings shall be placed within 3 working days from the day the road work is completed for the project.

Symbols and legends shall be placed within 5 working days from the day the road is open to traffic.

H. Defective Pavement Markings.

Markings that are low on initial retroreflectivity up to 20%, may at the discretion of the Engineer, be accepted with a price adjustment.

Pavement markings, which after application and curing are determined by the Engineer to be defective and not in conformance with theses specifications shall be repaired. The defective markings shall be completely removed and cleaned to the underlying pavement surface in accordance with the requirements of Article 2527.03, B. The extent of removal shall be the defective area plus any adjacent marking material extending 1 foot (300 mm) in any direction. After surface preparation work is complete, repair shall be made by reapplying new marking material over the cleaned pavement surface in accordance with the requirements of these specifications.

All work in conjunction with the repair or replacement of defective pavement markings shall be performed by the Contractor at no additional cost to the Contracting Authority.

I. Grooving for Pavement Markings.
When specified, pavement markings shall be placed in a groove cut into the pavement surface. The groove shall be made in a single pass, dry or wet cut using stacked diamond cutting heads mounted on a floating head with controls capable of providing uniform depth and alignment. The dry cutting equipment shall be self vacuuming. The equipment and method used shall be recommended by the manufacturer.

The groove shall meet the following specifications:

1. Groove width.
Tape width plus 1 inch (25 mm) minimum.

2. Groove depth.
For profiled marking tape the grooved depth shall be 0.080 inches + 0.010 inches (2.0 mm + 0.03 mm).

For all other markings, the groove depth shall be as recommended by the pavement marking manufacturer.

3. Groove length.
Full length of tape plus 3 inches (75 mm) minimum grooving transition on either end. A continuous groove shall not be allowed for dash markings.

4. Groove position.
Minimum of 2 inches (50 mm) from edge of the longitudinal joint.

5. Finished surface.
The bottom of the groove should have a fine corduroy-like texture. The maximum allowable rise between the high and low points across the width of the groove is 0.010 inch (0.25 mm).

6. Groove cleaning.
Dry cut grooves shall be vacuumed and broomed with the final cleaning done with a high pressure air blast. If wet cutting is used, the groove shall be immediately flushed with water. The removed material shall be recovered. The surface shall be allowed to dry to a visibly dry condition. The surface to receive the tape shall be free from dust, dirt, or other contaminates that may interfere with the tape properly bonding.

2527.04 MAINTENANCE.
Pavement marking, symbols and legends, temporary delineators, and raised pavement markers, for which the Contractor is responsible, shall be maintained in good condition, and shall be replaced, if necessary, for the period of their intended use. Their condition shall be subject to review by the Engineer.

2527.05 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT.
Pavement markings, symbols and legends, temporary delineators, and raised pavement markers, satisfactorily placed or approved, will be measured as follows:

A. Painted Pavement Marking.
The Engineer will measure the number of stations (meters) of Painted Pavement Markings of the type specified placed with traffic paint. This includes both permanent and temporary pavement marking.

B. Permanent Tape Marking.
The Engineer will measure the number of stations (meters) of Permanent Marking Tape marking placed of the type specified in the contract documents.

C. Removable Tape Marking.
The Engineer will measure the number of stations (meters) of Removable Marking Tape placed. The removing of removable tape will not be measured separately for payment.

D. Painted Symbols and Legend.
The Engineer will count each Painted Symbol and Legend of the type specified complete as a unit placed with traffic paint.

E. Precut Symbols and Legend.
The Engineer will count each Precut Symbol and Legend as a complete unit placed with the marking tape specified in the contract documents.

F. Temporary Delineators.
The Engineer will count the number of Temporary Delineators installed.

G. Raised Pavement Markers.
The Engineer will count the number of Raised Pavement Markers installed.

H. Pavement Marking Removed.
The Engineer will measure the number of stations (meters) of Pavement Marking Removed. Pavement markings obliterated during construction that are of removable marking tape, or removed by the Contractor on the Contractor's own accord, will not be measured separately for payment.

I. Symbols and Legend Removed.
The Engineer will count each Symbol and Legend removed, symbols and legends obliterated during construction, or removed by the Contractor on the Contractor's own accord will not be measured separately for payment.

J. Removable, Nonreflective, Preformed Tape.
The Engineer will measure the number of stations (meters) of Removable, Nonreflective, Preformed Tape placed. The removal of the tape will not be measured separately for payment.

K. Grooves Cut for Pavement Markings.
The Engineer will measure the number of stations (meters) of Grooves Cut for Pavement Markings. This quantity will be equivalent to the number of stations (meters) measured for the Pavement markings. Additional width and transition length will be incidental.

L. Grooves Cut for Symbols and Legends.
For grooves cut for profiled marking tape the Engineer will count the number of Grooves Cut for Symbols and Legends placed. Each symbol or legend groove will be counted as a complete unit.

The Engineer will measure the number of stations (meters), based on a single 4-inch (100 mm) width, or painted, taped, and/or removed line. The length of each type of markings will be determined using beginning and ending points, and adjusting for breaks at side roads, median crossings, station equations, or other locations shown in the contract documents. The measurement for dashed and dotted lines will be adjusted to exclude skips. Measurement of lines wider than 4 1/2 inches (115 mm) will be adjusted by the quantity factor to a 4 inch (100 mm) line.

2527.06 BASIS OF PAYMENT.
The quantities of pavement marking, symbols and legends, temporary delineators, and raised pavement markers, satisfactorily placed or removed, will be paid as follows:

A. Painted Pavement Marking.
For the number of stations (meters) of Painted Pavement Marking of the type specified, placed with traffic paint, including both temporary and permanent marking, the Contractor will be paid the contract unit price per station (meter).

B. Permanent Tape Marking.
For the number of stations (meters) of Permanent Tape Marking placed with the type of marking tape specified in the contract documents, the Contractor will be paid the contract unit price per station (meters).

C. Removable Tape Marking.
For the number of stations (meters) of Removable Tape Marking placed, the Contractor will be paid the contract unit price per station (meter). This payment includes removing the removable marking tape, when required.

D. Painted Symbol and Legend.
For each unit of Painted Symbol and Legend of the type specified, placed with the type of traffic paint, specified in the contract documents, the Contractor will be paid the contract unit price.

E. Precut Symbol and Legend.
For each Precut Symbol and Legend placed marking tape specified in the contract documents, the Contractor will be paid the contract unit price.

F. Temporary Delineators.
For each Temporary Delineator installed, the Contractor will be paid the contract unit price.

G. Raised Pavement Markers.
For each Raised Pavement Marker installed, the Contractor will be paid the contract unit price.

H. Pavement Markings Removed.
For the number of stations (meters) of Pavement Markings Removed, the Contractor will be paid the contract unit price per station (meter).

I. Symbols and Legends Removed.
For the number of Symbols and Legend Removed, the Contractor will be paid the contract unit price for each.

J. Removable, Nonreflective, Preformed Tape.
For the number of stations (meters) of Removable, Nonreflective, Preformed Tape placed, the Contractor will be paid the contract unit price per station (meter). This payment includes removal of the tape and repairing damage to the existing pavement markings caused by the tape.

K. Grooves Cut for Pavement Markings.
For the number of stations (meters) of Grooves Cut for Pavement Markings, the Contractor will be paid the unit price per station (meter).

L. Grooves Cut for Symbols and Legends.
For the number of Grooves Cut for Symbols and Legends, the Contractor will be paid the contract unit price for each.

These payments shall be full compensation for cleaning, surface preparation, and application of temporary and permanent pavement markings, symbols and legends, maintenance, removal of pavement markings or symbols and legends, installing or removing temporary delineators, installing or removing raised pavement markers, and for furnishing all materials, equipment and labor, and disposal of material generated from the removal operations.